See stauraz on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "stūr"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"word": "stør"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "steyrur"
},
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "staur"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"sense": "stake",
"word": "stour"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "stoure"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "staur"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "staur"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "stör"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "stūr"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "staurr"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*sapra"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*steh₂-u-ró-s",
"t": "pole"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-u-ró-s (“pole”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*steh₂-",
"t": "to stand"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σταυρός",
"t": "pale, stake"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σταυρός (staurós, “pale, stake”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "īnstaurō",
"t": "to set up, erect"
},
"expansion": "Latin īnstaurō (“to set up, erect”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-u-ró-s (“pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”). Compare, in particular, Ancient Greek σταυρός (staurós, “pale, stake”), Latin īnstaurō (“to set up, erect”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "stauraz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staur",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "staurą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauranz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stauras",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauris",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "staurǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staurai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauramaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staurō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauramiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "*stauraz m",
"name": "gem-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stauraz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "38 8 27 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "62 6 16 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 1 37 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stake"
],
"id": "en-stauraz-gem-pro-noun-gem_pro:stake",
"links": [
[
"stake",
"stake"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gem-pro:stake"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*furkaz"
},
{
"word": "*stakô"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"rod, pole"
],
"id": "en-stauraz-gem-pro-noun-w2ALqvEs",
"links": [
[
"rod",
"rod"
],
[
"pole",
"pole"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*furkaz"
},
{
"word": "*galgô"
},
{
"word": "*mastaz"
},
{
"word": "*rōdō"
},
{
"word": "*skaftaz"
},
{
"word": "*spaluz"
},
{
"word": "*spīrǭ"
},
{
"word": "*tainaz"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɑu̯.rɑz/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɑu̯.rɑz"
}
],
"word": "stauraz"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "stoor"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*stōr"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*staur"
}
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)twerH-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*(s)towr-o-s"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)towr-o-s",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "stũrs",
"t": "stubborn, unruly"
},
"expansion": "Latvian stũrs (“stubborn, unruly”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Apparently from Proto-Indo-European *(s)towr-o-s, from *(s)tewrH-, *(s)twerH- (“to stir up, agitate”), though Kroonen assigns no etymology and compares only Latvian stũrs (“stubborn, unruly”), which he considers potentially loaned from the Germanic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "stauraz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staur",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "staurą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauranz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stauras",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauris",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "staurǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staurai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauramaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staurō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauramiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*stauraz m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stauraz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "West Proto-Germanic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "23 1 37 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"destruction"
],
"id": "en-stauraz-gem-pro-noun-gem_pro:destruction",
"links": [
[
"destruction",
"destruction"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(West Germanic) destruction"
],
"senseid": [
"gem-pro:destruction"
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "West Proto-Germanic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "23 1 37 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"disturbance"
],
"id": "en-stauraz-gem-pro-noun-y8NzCR~g",
"links": [
[
"disturbance",
"disturbance"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(West Germanic) disturbance"
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "stauraz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)twerH-",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Rhymes:Proto-Germanic/ɑu̯.rɑz",
"Rhymes:Proto-Germanic/ɑu̯.rɑz/2 syllables"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "stūr"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"word": "stør"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "steyrur"
},
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "staur"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"sense": "stake",
"word": "stour"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "stoure"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "staur"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "staur"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "stör"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "stūr"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "staurr"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*sapra"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*steh₂-u-ró-s",
"t": "pole"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-u-ró-s (“pole”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*steh₂-",
"t": "to stand"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σταυρός",
"t": "pale, stake"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σταυρός (staurós, “pale, stake”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "īnstaurō",
"t": "to set up, erect"
},
"expansion": "Latin īnstaurō (“to set up, erect”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-u-ró-s (“pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”). Compare, in particular, Ancient Greek σταυρός (staurós, “pale, stake”), Latin īnstaurō (“to set up, erect”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "stauraz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staur",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "staurą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauranz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stauras",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauris",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "staurǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staurai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauramaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staurō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauramiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "*stauraz m",
"name": "gem-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stauraz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"stake"
],
"links": [
[
"stake",
"stake"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gem-pro:stake"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*furkaz"
},
{
"word": "*stakô"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"rod, pole"
],
"links": [
[
"rod",
"rod"
],
[
"pole",
"pole"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*furkaz"
},
{
"word": "*galgô"
},
{
"word": "*mastaz"
},
{
"word": "*rōdō"
},
{
"word": "*skaftaz"
},
{
"word": "*spaluz"
},
{
"word": "*spīrǭ"
},
{
"word": "*tainaz"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɑu̯.rɑz/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɑu̯.rɑz"
}
],
"word": "stauraz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)twerH-",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "stoor"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*stōr"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*staur"
}
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)twerH-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*(s)towr-o-s"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)towr-o-s",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "stũrs",
"t": "stubborn, unruly"
},
"expansion": "Latvian stũrs (“stubborn, unruly”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Apparently from Proto-Indo-European *(s)towr-o-s, from *(s)tewrH-, *(s)twerH- (“to stir up, agitate”), though Kroonen assigns no etymology and compares only Latvian stũrs (“stubborn, unruly”), which he considers potentially loaned from the Germanic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "stauraz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staur",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "staurōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "staurą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauranz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stauras",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauris",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "staurǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staurai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauramaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "staurō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stauramiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*stauraz m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stauraz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"West Proto-Germanic"
],
"glosses": [
"destruction"
],
"links": [
[
"destruction",
"destruction"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(West Germanic) destruction"
],
"senseid": [
"gem-pro:destruction"
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"West Proto-Germanic"
],
"glosses": [
"disturbance"
],
"links": [
[
"disturbance",
"disturbance"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(West Germanic) disturbance"
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "stauraz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for stauraz meaning in All languages combined (8.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.